Tolou International Institute

This work examines Malekian’s “Rationality and Spirituality” project, exploring why he views traditional religiosity as incompatible with modernity. It contrasts his call for secular democracy with traditionalist views, focusing on the role of intellectuals in alleviating human suffering.

Ali Qanbari Barziyan and Ibrahim Rezaei examine the Social Philosophy of Hijab by bridging history and sociology. The work explores hijab’s evolution from ancient Persian modesty to modern ideological identity, offering a functionalist view of its role in social stability.