Tolou International Institute

This work examines Malekian’s “Rationality and Spirituality” project, exploring why he views traditional religiosity as incompatible with modernity. It contrasts his call for secular democracy with traditionalist views, focusing on the role of intellectuals in alleviating human suffering.

This study explores Ayatollah Javadi Amoli’s framework for international relations, rooted in justice and unity. It examines Islamic principles for coexistence with monotheists and human societies, fulfilling covenants, and the spirit of defensive wars in the Quranic tradition.